Articles

The main purpose of the work was to verify the applicability of the approach to assessing the ecological state of soils and the theoretical model of the response of a living being in the form of a vegetation index to the impact of a complex of heavy metals in the zone of impact of coal mining and processing facilities in the conditions of the Far Eastern taiga-forest soil-bioclimatic region. The research was carried out in conjunction with a geochemical assessment of natural environments, which made it possible to consider the size of the impact zones of coal mining and processing facilities on the territory of the emission quota experiment conducted by the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. Th e inventory of emission sources allowed us to identify several priority areas: the main industrial site, an industrial boiler house, an integrated industrial site, two coal mines, etc. According to the results of the summary calculations of the dispersion of pollutants, the following priority pollutants were identified: carbon (soot), inorganic and coal dust. The determination of soil and snow pollution levels made it possible to identify the localization of technogenic anomalies of heavy metals, as well as to determine the dust load on the studied area. The soil cover is characterized by a low level of pollution in terms of the total pollution index, however, the accumulation of trace elements in the surface layer of soils is typical for most of the studied metals and metalloids, as evidenced by concentration coefficients > 1. Centers of snow cover pollution have been identified, confined to the residential area. Areas with very high levels of snow pollution are located near municipal boiler houses. Based on a theoretical model of the response of a living in the form of a vegetation index to the effect of a complex of heavy metals of a certain set contained in the soils of the vicinity of a coal mining and processing enterprise, maximum permissible levels of their content have been established. The boundaries of the zone of influence of the main structural divisions of the coal mining enterprise, beyond which the territories of the natural and anthropogenic background are distributed, are determined. The soils in the vicinity of coal mining and processing facilities are characterized mainly by a background (undisturbed) condition or are poorly degraded, thus no harm has been done to the soils.

Influence of plastic trenchless and pottery trench drainage on physical and chemical properties of mineral ogleyed soils formed on carbonate-free loess-like loams with medium and low water permeability (Kf 0.1–0.3 m∙day-1) is estimated. The peculiarities of water regime of gray forest gleied soils of different degree of gleying in years of different moisture content were revealed. In profile of gleyed soils in spring and fall two-tiered top-water is formed that causes decrease of crop yield or their death. Drainage has been shown to eliminate topsoil water. Pottery trench and plastic trenchless drainage have close agroecological and hydrological influence on the considered soils. Transformation of physical and chemical properties as well as humus state of soils drained by different types of drainage has been established. Long-term studies of plastic and pottery drainage aft ereffects allow to study evolution of drained soils and adjacent landscape. On the basis of 30-year study of heavy loamy soils and ferromanganese nodules it is proposed for the first time to use the parameter «carbon content in Fe-Mn ortsteins»: firstly, for diagnostics of soil hydromorphism degree; secondly, for evaluation of drainage systems efficiency and expediency of their reconstruction.

A significant role in the movement of water in the soil profile belongs to the preferential vertical water flows, while less attention is paid to the study of lateral flows. We propose a method for studying lateral moisture flows at the microlandscape level using 137Cs of “Chernobyl” origin. For GIS modeling of lateral transport, the hydrological attributes of the microrelief were used, based on a digital relief model (DEM) at a scale of 1:200 with a horizontal section of 20 cm. The Catchment Areas, the Overland Flow Distance, the ephemeral Tricle Network (Strahler Order),
as well as the topographic humidity index (TWI) qualitatively characterize the intensity of soil moisture, as well as lateral flows at the microlandscape level. Th e idea of “preferential lateral flows” introduced by analogy with vertical “preferential moisture flows”. Due to the spatial features of the structure of the nano- and microrelief, lateral transfer forms ephemeral patterns with different humidification modes: “finger-like”, filamentous, and others. A weak level of lateral migration of 137Cs was revealed depending on DEM derivatives.

The contribution of organic matter content to the hydrosorption properties of soils is demonstrated. Hydrosorption properties have been studied for soils of different genesis and degree of technogenic loading. Among the technogenic soils, urban and arable soils are considered. Natural soils are represented by Albic Stagnic Retisol (Siltic) on varved clays, Luvic Greyzemic Phaeozem (Clayic, Humic) and Luvic Chernozem (Clayic, Humic) on brown clays. The sorption isotherms constructed using the BET method and the specifi c surface areas of the initial samples and samples after organic matter destruction were compared. The destruction of organic matter was carried out in a laboratory experiment using hydrogen peroxide. It was found that treatment with H2O2 resulted in a significant decrease in the sorption capacity of soils and a change in hysteresis phenomena. At the same time, the sorption capacity of the soils decreased in different ways. The specific surface area decreased from 1.9 to 2.8 times. Statistical analysis showed no correlation between the degree of reduction in specific surface area and the degree of reduction in organic matter content. However, a close correlation was found between the degree of reduction in specific surface area and the initial organic matter content. The higher the initial organic matter content of the soil, the greater the reduction in specific surface area as a result of the treatment. Treatment with H2O2 was found to have the most significant effect on equilibrium water contents during the capillary condensation interval. The sorption capacity of the urban soils was lower than that of their natural and arable counterparts. With a relatively high organic carbon content in the urban soils, the effect of its destruction on the specific surface was less than for the other soils, which allows us to consider it in relation to the qualitative composition of the organic matter.

The article presents a new methodological approach to modeling the soil water retention curve (WRC), based entirely on the Deryagin phenomenon of wedging pressure of water films in relation to the soil physical system. It operates with a variable mass fraction of the liquid phase (soil solution) with the parameters of the concentration and charge of electrolyte ions, the specific surface area of the solid phase, as well as limitations by porosity and the standard potential of a conditionally zero water content in the soil. The new model, validated according to the author’s and independent literature data for soils of various genesis and granulometric composition from sands to clays, showed good agreement with experimental data and a more adequate description of water retention with normalized root-mean-square errors 5–10 times smaller compared with the most common empirical van Genuchten model for describing the WRC. Along with an adequate description of WRC in the entire range from the state of water saturation to conditionally zero water content, the new model makes it possible to analytically calculate pore size distributions, estimate the generalized Hammaker constant for interphase molecular interactions of liquid and solid phases of soil, the Debye thickness of the double electric layer and the specific surface area of the solid phase of soil, alternatively to the standard BET method.

The paper presents the results of experiments to study changes in hydrological properties of soil substrates composing profiles of artificial soils (construktozems) 1-4 years aft er their creation. Constructozems are represented by two variants - layered soils including Ap horizon, lowland peat and quarry sand of the same thickness, and a mixture of these substrates in an identical amount by weight, as for layered constructozems. Water retention curves obtained by capillarimetric method on samples of undisturbed structure were compared. A decrease in the water-holding capacity of the peat layer and an increase in the mixture samples were found a year after their functioning as part of the artificial soils. Laboratory and field experiments showed a statistically significant difference in water filtration rates of the layered constructozems and the mixture. Sharp boundaries between soil horizons contrasting in their properties reduce water migration rates down to zero values. Obtaining breakthrough curves of potassium ions allowed us to establish that the formation of continuous paths of rapid movement of water and dissolved substances is observed after four years of functioning of artificial soils and is most pronounced in constructions with homogeneous soil profile structure.

The problems of determination and classification of soils by granulometric composition from the point of view of domestic and international soil science are considered. The development of methods and devices for granulometric analysis of soils was largely promoted by the works of the Department of Soil Physics and Reclamation, on the basis of which the necessity of two stages of granulometric analysis was shown, the all-Russian method of sedimentation analysis of particles by pipette method was founded, with the development of the classification of N.A. Kachinsky and names of soils by granulometry, which are fundamentally different from those generally accepted in the world practice. At present, at the first stage the method of pretreatment with 4% sodium pyrophosphate is widespread, at the second stage — measurement of granulometric composition two approaches are used — sedimentation method and laser diffractometry, which have different physical bases. The difference of final results on granulometric composition of soils is usually associated with different shape and density of solid phase of organic and mineral particles. This paper presents the studies of granulometric composition of agrodernovo-podzolic sandy loam soil (Tver region, VNIIMZ experimental site) with low content of organic matter in comparison of three methods of granulometric composition determination: laser diffractometer, sedimentometric methods of suspension pressure estimation on Pario - ISP+ (Integral Suspension Pressure) device and classical pipette method. Th e laser diffractometer for fine fractions showed systematically underestimated data with the same pretreatment procedure compared to ISP and pipette method. The ISP+ method compared to the classical pipette method gives similar results.

The purpose of this work was to study the absorption capacity of degraded soils of agricultural land (using the ex- ample of agricultural farms in the southern part of the Shakhtersky district of the Donetsk People’s Republic). The main objectives of the research included studying the amount of exchangeable bases, exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium. To study the soil cover of agricultural lands, model sites of varying degrees of degradation were selected. When choosing them, factors such as the prevalence of the type of disturbance within the study site, the degree of anthropogenic transformation, and the type of cultivated crop were taken into account. Soil sampling was carried out in September 2023. It was found that the most significant decrease in the amount of exchangeable bases was recorded in areas left fallow after growing a number of crops — sunflower, corn and wheat. The values of the sum of exchangeable bases were reduced compared to the control by 56–85%. The indicators of exchangeable calcium in the soils of the studied agrocenoses varied fr om 5,5 to 38,08 mEq×100 g-1 of soil, which depended on the position of the site in the landscape, the link in the crop rotation system, and the type of crop being cultivated. The lack of a proper soil care system in the studied areas affected the content of exchangeable calcium, reducing its content by an average of 42,7–84,8%. The percentage of magnesium from the total exchangeable bases ranged from 14,3 to 20,6%. The most significant decrease in the content of exchangeable calcium and magnesium in relation to the control was recorded in sites after sunflower cultivation, as well as in areas left fallow, wh ere the combined effect of a number of unfavorable factors (sloping surface, predecessor crop with an increased level of removal of mineral nutrition elements) influenced the change this indicator.

Dry steppe chestnut soils (Kastanozems) of the Tamsagbulag oil field are subject to intensive technogenic impact of oil production facilities. It has been established that the technogenic impact on chestnut soil during oil production is manifested in the discreteness of physical-chemical parameters in the surface horizon. The value of the miner- alization of the aqueous extract ranged from 32.5 to 325.0 mg∙L-1, the specific electrical conductivity from 65.4 to
647.0 μS∙cm-1. The concentration of hydrocarbons (HC) varied from 7 to 647 mg∙kg-1 and, with rare exceptions, was at the level of background values (100 mg/kg) established for oil production areas. The proportion of HC from the organic carbon content Corg varied widely, from 0.01 to 6.20%. Gas-chromatographic analysis of the molecular weight distribution of n-alkanes in the composition of HC showed that high-molecular homologues C27–C39 dominate in the surface horizon of the soil, with a sufficiently high degree of transformation of individual odd n-alkanes. The proportion of average molecular weight homologues ∑C22–C25 did not exceed 8% of the sum of n-alkanes. In the microbial community, heterotrophic bacteria dominated among the ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms (unicellular bacteria, actinomycetes, micromycetes), in their composition the proportion of oil-oxidizing bacteria was 9.1–39.3%. The process of destruction of petroleum HC was accompanied by the formation of a wide range of volatile organic compounds. It is shown that the quantitative and qualitative composition of oil components in the surface horizon of soils is determined by two processes — vertical migration and transformation of hydrocarbons, which compensate for the accumulation of oil.